Earth is not the only world adorned with the glowing atmospheric phenomenon that is aurora. In fact, in a Solar System aurora competition, the clear winner would be Jupiter. The so-called King of Planets is crowned with the most powerful auroras in the Solar System, permanently circling both its poles.
Because they glow only in non-visible wavelengths, we can't see them with the naked eye, so it wasn't until just 40 years ago that they were discovered. Ever since, scientists have wondered how these auroras produce periodic bursts of X-radiation.
Now, they think they've solved it. Using simultaneous observations from Jupiter probe Juno and X-ray space observatory XMM-Newton, a team led by planetary scientist Zhonghua Yao of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in China has linked the X-ray bursts to vibrations in the gas giant's magnetic field lines.
These vibrations generate waves in the plasma propagating along the magnetic field lines, periodically causing heavy ions to rain down on and collide with Jupiter's atmosphere, releasing energy in the form of X-rays.
"We have seen Jupiter producing X-ray aurora for four decades, but we didn't know how this happened. We only knew they were produced when ions crashed into the planet's atmosphere," explained astrophysicist William Dunn of University College London in the UK.
"Now we know these ions are transported by plasma waves - an explanation that has not been proposed before, even though a similar process produces Earth's own aurora. It could, therefore, be a universal phenomenon, present across many different environments in space."
Here on Earth, auroras are generated by particles blowing in from the Sun. They collide with Earth's magnetic field, which sends charged particles like protons and electrons whizzing along the magnetic field lines towards the poles, where they rain down on Earth's upper atmosphere and collide with atmospheric molecules. The resulting ionization of these molecules generates the stunning dancing lights.
On Jupiter, there are a few differences. The auroras are constant and permanent, as previously noted; that's because the particles are not solar, but from the Jovian moon Io, the most volcanic world in the Solar System. It's constantly belching out sulfur dioxide, which is immediately stripped via a complex gravitational interaction with the planet, becoming ionized and forming a plasma torus around Jupiter.
And then there's the X-ray pulses. To figure out how they were being generated, the research team studied the planet, using simultaneous observations from Juno and XMM-Newton, taken on 16-17 July 2017, for a total of 26 hours. During this time, Jupiter was letting off an X-ray burst roughly every 27 minutes.
Based on these observations, the team linked Juno's observations of the plasma with XMM-Newton's observations of the X-ray auroral bursts; with computer modelling, they determined how the two phenomena might be linked.
The team concluded that compressions in Jupiter's magnetic field are creating waves of oxygen and sulfur ions that spiral along the magnetic field lines towards Jupiter's poles, where they rain down, collide with the atmosphere, and generate bursts of X-ray light.
These waves are called electromagnetic ion cyclotron (or EMIC) waves, and they have also been linked to flickering auroras here on Earth.
It is, at this point, unclear what drives the compressions in Jupiter's magnetic field. It could be the influence of the solar wind, circulation of heavy materials within the Jovian magnetosphere, or surface waves on the magnetopause, the outer boundary between the magnetosphere and the surrounding plasma.
However the compressions are generated, the fact that the same mechanism - EMIC waves - has been linked to auroral emissions on two such very different worlds suggests it might be quite common in the Solar System, as well as the galaxy beyond.
"Now we have identified this fundamental process, there is a wealth of possibilities for where it could be studied next," Yao said.
"Similar processes likely occur around Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and probably exoplanets as well, with different kinds of charged particles 'surfing' the waves."
The results show that EMIC waves could be playing an important, heretofore unnoticed role in the ion dynamics of Jupiter's atmosphere, and could help us better understand plasma processes across the galaxy.
The research has been published in Science Advances.
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